Unit 54
1. oligarchy (n.) – government by a small group
Example: Ancient Sparta was ruled by an oligarchy of warriors.
Synonyms: aristocracy, junta, elite rule
Antonyms: democracy, egalitarianism
Nepali Meaning: अल्पतन्त्र
Nepali Example: प्राचीन स्पार्टा योद्धाहरूको अल्पतन्त्रद्वारा शासित थियो।
2. onerous (adj.) – burdensome
Example: The new regulations placed onerous demands on small businesses.
Synonyms: arduous, oppressive, taxing
Antonyms: easy, effortless, light
Nepali Meaning: बोझिलो
Nepali Example: नयाँ नियमहरूले साना व्यवसायहरूमा बोझिलो मागहरू थप्यो।
3. onomatopoeia (n.) – words imitating sounds
Example: “Buzz” and “hiss” are examples of onomatopoeia.
Synonyms: echoism, sound symbolism
Antonyms: (no direct antonym)
Nepali Meaning: ध्वन्यात्मक शब्द
Nepali Example: “भनभन” र “सिस” ध्वन्यात्मक शब्दका उदाहरणहरू हुन्।
4. opprobrium (n.) – disgrace; contempt
Example: The scandal brought opprobrium upon the entire organization.
Synonyms: shame, infamy, ignominy
Antonyms: honor, esteem, respect
Nepali Meaning: अपमान; निन्दा
Nepali Example: काण्डले सम्पूर्ण संस्थामा अपमान ल्यायो।
5. ornithologist (n.) – bird scientist
Example: The ornithologist discovered a new species of hummingbird.
Synonyms: birdwatcher, avian researcher
Antonyms: (no direct antonym)
Nepali Meaning: पक्षी विज्ञ
Nepali Example: पक्षी विज्ञले हमिङबर्डको नयाँ प्रजाति पत्ता लगाए।
6. oscillate (v.) – to swing back and forth
Example: Public opinion oscillates between the two political parties.
Synonyms: swing, fluctuate, vacillate
Antonyms: stabilize, remain steady
Nepali Meaning: दोलन गर्नु
Nepali Example: जनमत दुई राजनीतिक दलहरूबीच दोलन गर्छ।
7. ostentatious (adj.) – showy; flashy
Example: His ostentatious display of wealth made others uncomfortable.
Synonyms: pretentious, flamboyant, gaudy
Antonyms: modest, unassuming, simple
Nepali Meaning: दिखावटी
Nepali Example: उनको धनको दिखावटी प्रदर्शनले अरूलाई असहज बनायो।
8. overweening (adj.) – arrogant
Example: Her overweening pride prevented her from accepting help.
Synonyms: presumptuous, haughty, conceited
Antonyms: humble, modest, unassuming
Nepali Meaning: अहंकारी
Nepali Example: उनको अहंकारी गर्वले उनलाई मद्दत स्वीकार गर्नबाट रोक्यो।
9. paean (n.) – song of praise
Example: The poem was a paean to nature’s beauty.
Synonyms: hymn, tribute, laudation
Antonyms: condemnation, criticism
Nepali Meaning: प्रशंसा गीत
Nepali Example: कविता प्रकृतिको सौन्दर्यको प्रशंसा गीत थियो।
10. paleontology (n.) – study of fossils
Example: Paleontology helps us understand prehistoric life.
Synonyms: fossilology, archaeology
Antonyms: (no direct antonym)
Nepali Meaning: जीवाश्म विज्ञान
Nepali Example: जीवाश्म विज्ञानले हामीलाई प्रागैतिहासिक जीवन बुझ्न मद्दत गर्छ।