Unit 2
1. abysmal (adj.) – very bad
Example: The abysmal failure of the free market system in Russia led some to argue that the planned economy was better suited to Russia’s history.
Synonyms: terrible, dreadful, appalling
Antonyms: excellent, superb, outstanding
Nepali Meaning: अत्यन्त नराम्रो, भयङ्कर
Nepali Example: रूसमा मुक्त बजार प्रणालीको भयङ्कर असफलताले केही मानिसहरूलाई सोच्न बाध्य बनायो कि सोभियत युनियनको योजनाबद्ध अर्थतन्त्र रूसको इतिहास र संस्कृतिलाई अनुकूल थियो।
2. accretion (n.) – growth in size or increase in amount
Example: Sea-floor spreading causes a steady accretion of the ocean’s crust.
Synonyms: accumulation, buildup, expansion
Antonyms: erosion, reduction, decrease
Nepali Meaning: वृद्धि, जम्मा हुने प्रक्रिया
Nepali Example: समुद्री तल फैलिँदै जाँदा समुद्री पपडीको मात्रामा निरन्तर वृद्धि हुन्छ।
3. accrue (v.) – to accumulate; grow by additions
Example: Foreign companies enjoy advantages accruing from greater monopolies.
Synonyms: gather, amass, collect
Antonyms: dissipate, dwindle, diminish
Nepali Meaning: जम्मा हुनु, बढ्नु
Nepali Example: विदेशी कम्पनीहरूले ठूला एकाधिकारबाट प्राप्त हुने फाइदाहरू उठाउँछन्।
4. adamant (adj.) – uncompromising; unyielding
Example: The party leader was adamant about moving to the political center.
Synonyms: stubborn, resolute, inflexible
Antonyms: flexible, yielding, compliant
Nepali Meaning: अडिग, हटी
Nepali Example: पार्टी नेताको राजनीतिक केन्द्रतिर जाने बिषयमा कुनै सम्झौता थिएन।
5. adjunct (n.) – something added, attached, or joined
Example: Marathons are considered adjuncts of track and field athletics.
Synonyms: supplement, accessory, appendage
Antonyms: essential, core, main element
Nepali Meaning: सहायक, थप वस्तु
Nepali Example: म्याराथनहरू ट्र्याक र फिल्ड एथलेटिक्सको सहायक खेलको रूपमा लिइन्छ।
6. admonish (v.) – to caution or reprimand
Example: The judge admonished the jury to ignore inadmissible testimony.
Synonyms: warn, scold, rebuke
Antonyms: praise, commend, approve
Nepali Meaning: चेतावनी दिनु, डाँट्नु
Nepali Example: न्यायाधीशले जुरीलाई अमान्य गवाहीबाट बच्न चेतावनी दिनुभयो।
7. adulterate (v.) – to corrupt or make impure
Example: The company sold an adulterated version of the drug without informing consumers.
Synonyms: contaminate, dilute, taint
Antonyms: purify, refine, cleanse
Nepali Meaning: मिलाउनु, अपशिष्ट मिसाउनु
Nepali Example: कम्पनीले उपभोक्तालाई नबताइकन मिश्रित औषधि बेच्यो।
8. aesthetic (adj.) – relating to beauty or art
Example: Oscar Wilde promoted the aesthetic doctrine of “art for art’s sake.”
Synonyms: artistic, tasteful, elegant
Antonyms: unattractive, ugly, unaesthetic
Nepali Meaning: सौन्दर्यात्मक, कलात्मक
Nepali Example: ओस्कर वाइल्डले “कलाको निम्ति कला” को सौन्दर्यात्मक सिद्धान्तलाई प्रवर्धन गरे।
9. affected (adj.) – pretentious, phony
Example: The emphasis on “proper English” can lead to affected speech.
Synonyms: artificial, insincere, mannered
Antonyms: genuine, natural, sincere
Nepali Meaning: बनावटी, दिखाउनी
Nepali Example: “उचित अंग्रेजी” मा ध्यान केन्द्रित गर्दा बनावटी बोली निम्त्याउन सक्छ।
10. affinity (n.) – fondness; liking; similarity
Example: The students felt an affinity for Euripides due to his sympathy for marginalized groups.
Synonyms: connection, rapport, bond
Antonyms: aversion, dislike, hatred
Nepali Meaning: आत्मीयता, माया, समानता
Nepali Example: विद्यार्थीहरूले युरिपिडीजप्रति आत्मीयता महसुस गरे किनभने उनी समाजका उपेक्षित वर्गहरूप्रति सहानुभूति राख्थे।